RRFS claims vs. actual $$ due

EXCESSIVE, UNAUTHORIZED & UNEARNED “COLLECTION COSTS” = ABUSIVE & PREDATORY COLLECTION PRACTICES

12/31/11Balance due Dec 31, 2011 was zero. See annotated Resident Transaction Report Page 1335.
1/1/12$275 Jan 2012 Qtr Assessment (1/1/12-3/31/12)
1/31/12$25 Late Fee Assessed. See 1/31/12 RMI Quarterly statement. Upon information and belief, the 1/31/12 statement assessments due and late fees due was the last such statement distributed to owners.
2/14/12Tobin’s Check 112, dated 2/14/12, paid $275 for quarter ending 3/31/12 plus $25 late fee
4/1/12$275 Assessments due for 4/1/12-6/30/12
4/24/12Tobin’s Check 127, dated 4/24/12, paid for quarter ending 6/30/12, so no late fee became due on 4/30/12.
6/30/12Page 1335 Resident transaction report shows assessments were current to 6/30/12.
7/1/12Foreclosure deed recitals falsely claim that no payments were made after 7/1/12. See 8/22/14 annotated foreclosure deed.
See 3/12/13 rescinded NODES
7/1/12$275 Assessments due for 7/1/12-9/30/12
7/31/12$25 Late fee assessed for 7/1/12-9/30/12 quarter 
8/17/12Tobin’s check 143, dated 8/17/12, paid $275 Assessments due for 7/1/12-9/30/12 and $25 Late fee assessed on 7/31/12, for 2763 White Sage Drive.
See annotated Resident Transaction Report Page 1335.
8/17/12Tobin’s check 143, dated 8/17/12, paid $275 Assessments due for 7/1/12-9/30/12 and $25 Late fee assessed on 7/31/12, for 2664 Olivia Heights.
See Resident Transaction Report Page 12859 
9/13/12SCA’s managing agent RMI referred the account to its subsidiary RRFS to initiate collections per RRFS log in SCA 415, RRFS’s log of “homeowner progress”
9/17/12On unsent 9/17/12 RRFS notice of intent to lien, RRFS claimed $617.94 was due when only $275 assessments and a $25 late fee were authorized for 7/1/12-9/30/12 quarter.
See SCA 642 and SCA 643.
9/17/12RRFS reported to the Board that the account was a potential write off of $321.51 SCA removed the RRFS collection reports from the SCA website after Tobin downloaded them in 2018.
See RRFS potential write off as of 9/30/12 for 2763 White Sage, RRFS account #808634
9/20/12SCA 628 and SCA 635 are the sender’s copy of certified letters, item number 71603901984964087011.

Both sender’s copies are stamped as received by RRFS on 10/8/12. SCA/RRFS did not disclose any proofs of service for SCA 628 and SCA 635.

Tobin has no record or recollection of ever receiving it. SCA alleged in its MSJ that Tobin had sent it to RRFS with a 10/3/12 letter she sent to SCA transmitting check 143 and Hansen’s death certificate. No evidence supports this claim.

All evidence supports that RMI sent SCA 628 and SCA 635 to RRFS at which time RRFS stamped them received. The effect of this was to unfairly impose unauthorized and unnecessary collection fees on the estate of a deceased homeowner without the executor’s knowledge.
9/20/12SCA 628 and SCA 635 are the same notice of hearing on 10/8/12 for temporary suspension of Gordon Hansen’s privileges for the alleged violation of the governing documents of delinquent assessments. SCA may have sent this notice. However, Tobin did not receive it. There never was a hearing on 10/10/12. Tobin’s check 143, dated 8/17/12, paid assessments through 9/30/12 are rendered it moot.
9/30/12$275 Assessments due for 7/1/12 – 9/30/12 quarter plus $25 late fee assessed on 7/31/12 were paid by $300 check 143
9/30/12In SCA 618, RRFS Allocation detail shows that check 143 was applied to pay the assessments and late fees due and payable through 9/30/12.
9/30/12Check 143 paid the account in full for the quarter 7/1/12-9/30/12. See SCA 618 which shows 
9/30/129/30/12 RRFS reported to the SCA Board that as of 9/30/12, account 808634 was a potential write off of $351.21.
See RRFS potential write off as of 9/30/12 for 2763 White Sage, RRFS account #808634
10/1/12$275 Assessments due for quarter 10/1/12-12/31/12
10/3/12Per SCA 631, Tobin gave notice to SCA that the owner had died. Enclosed were
1) 1/14/12 death certificate and
2) “Check for $300 HOA dues”
Tobin’s notice was sent to the HOA. She indicated the late payment of the deceased owner’s assessments was an error, that the property was in escrow,
that the prospective purchasers were moving in shortly,
that further payments would be made out of escrow, and
that the HOA should work with Doug/Proudfit Realty or new owners to collect future assessments. SCA’s claims that Tobin acted in bad faith, had “unclean hands” and that she was “barred by equitable principles from recovering” for not knowing or remembering that check 143 was not delivered on 8/17/12 when it was written.
Tobin had no recollection of writing the 10/3/12 letter and only became aware of it on 12/26/18 when PDFs of documents disclosed by SCA on 5/31/18 as a picture of a CD, were given to her by attorney Joe Coppedge.
10/3/12Page 1335 Resident Transaction Report does not have an entry to acknowledge that check 143 for $300 was submitted to pay the assessments for the quarter from 7/1/12 – 9/30/12 as was reported in SCA 618.. 
10/8/12RRFS stamped on a paper with a picture of check 143 as received by RRFS on 10/8/12.
There is no date stamp on check 143 to indicate when SCA received it or when RRFS received it.
It is more probable, given the many alterations/ misrepresentations of other documents RRFS/SCA disclosed, that Tobin’s recollection that she submitted check 143 with check 142 on 8/17/12 was correct. and RRFS altered the date on the transmittal letter from 8/17/12 to 10/3/12 to conceal that FSR forwarding the account to collections on 9/13/12 was an error.
10/8/12SCA 628 and SCA 635 are the same SCA compliance letter, dated 9/20/12,  to Gordon Hansen, at 2664 Olivia Heights. SCA/RRFS did not disclose any proofs of service for SCA 628 and SCA 635. Tobin has no record or recollection of ever receiving it. SCA/RRFS did not disclose any letter to 2763 White Sage which would have been required it this was supposed to be the first step of the due process required before imposing a penalty on the homeowner for delinquent assessments.
10/10/12The 10/10/12 hearing noticed allegedly by the 9/20/12 letter in SCA 628 and SCA 635 did not occur. No notice of sanction followed it equivalent to the 8/13/14 Notice of Fines Tobin received after a hearing was held to give notice of a $25 fine for dead plants.
10/18/12RRFS ledger did not apply check 143 to pay the 7/1/12-9/30/12 quarter. On 10/18/12 RRFS ledger entered that check 143 left a balance $369.15 instead of the $275 that was actually due and payable for the quarter of 10/1/12-12/31/12
10/18/12SCA 618 PAY ALLOCATION shows check 143 was both allocated as payment of the quarter 7/1/12-9/30/12 or was a partial payment that left a balance as of 10/18/12 comprised of all RRFS-added charges.
10/18/12RRFS ledger SCA 623-625 called check 143 a partial payment
10/31/12$25 late fee for 10/1/12-12/31/12 delinquent installment was assessed. As of 10/31/12, amount due and owing was $300.
10/31/12Balance due on 10/31/12 as listed in SCA resident transaction report instead of the $275 assessments and $25 late fee actually authorized and due and payable as of 10/31/12.
10/31/12On 11/5/12 RRFS ledgeer sent to 2763 White Sage and forwarded by Proudfit Realty to Ticor Title claimed $495.36 was due when $300 would have paid through 12/31/12 the $300 assessment and late fee authorized for the quarter 10/1/12-12/31/12
10/31/12RRFS reported to the Board that account 808634, 2763 White Sage Dr. was a potential write off of $382.26 as of 10/31/12
11/1/12SCA Board published a schedule of fees that conformed to the NRS 116.310313(2) limits set by the CIC Commission except for the sentence “Fees and costs may change without notice. Schedule of fees may not be all inclusive.”
11/5/12SCA 620 11/5/12 “Correspondence Response Sent to Homeowner” “(RRFS) is in receipt of the correspondence that the homeowner has passed away. Our records have been updated…” RRFS claimed $495.36 was due as of 10/31/12 instead of the $300 actually due.
11/9/12Per 11/9/12 into SCA resident transaction report after a $300 collection payment was credited from check 143, there was a $351.21 balance reported on Page 1335 because two unauthorized monthly late fees had been added. $300 was due, $275 for assessments for the 10/1/12-12/31/12 quarter plus the $25 late fee due on 10/31/12.)
11/9/12Page 1335 Resident Transaction Report has an entry, dated 11/9/13, that shows the HOA received a collection payment of $300 on 11/6/12.
11/9/12SCA 617 “Payment Allocation 11/9/12” information as of 10/18/12. Check 143 for $300 was received as a “partial payment”. “Association Allocation detai”l: $300 check was allocated to $275 assessments due 7/1/12.and 7/31/12 to $25 late fee assessed.. 
12/5/12On 12/14/12, RRFS recorded a lien the falsely stated $925.76 was due and payable. RRFS recited on the lien that the HOA had verified that $925.76 was due and payable as of 12/5/12. As of 12/5/12, $275 for assessments for the 10/1/12-12/31/12 quarter were delinquent and a $25 late fee was authorized t be imposed on 10/31/12. All other charges were unnecessary as the account should have not been sent to collections when the only delinquent assessments were for a quarter that had not even ended. Once check 143 was paid, the account should have been removed from collections. Once the HOA received notice that future assessments would be paid out of escrow, adding $625.76 in collection fees over what was due and payable was predatory and unfair.
12/20/12On 12/2012, Ticor Title requested payoff figures from RRFS to be paid out of Sparkman 8/10/12 escrow
1/1/13Balance due per FSR on SCA resident transaction report to bring account current to 3/31/13
1/1/13According to the HOA Resident Transaction Report, on 1/1/13, there was an outstanding balance of $677.31. This is a variance of $102.31 over what was due and payable on 1/1/13, i.e, $275 assessments for 10/1/12-12/31/12 + $25 late fee plus $275 for 1/1/13-3/31/13 quarter. Note that $575 was due. RMI, as SCA’s managing agent, recorded in SCA’s oficial accounting records that $677.31 was due. RMI d/b/a RRFS, SCA’s debt collector, demanded $1,355.60 from the deceased owner’s estate. RMI d/b/a RRFS, SCA’s debt collector, demanded $1,451.75 from the prospective purchasers’ escrow.
1/1/13On 1/1/13, $275 assessments came due for quarter 1/1/13-3/31/13. There was a $300 ourstanding balance for the 10/1/12-12/31/12 quarter that resulted in a $575 balance due and payable. 
1/3/13RRFS sent a notice, dated 1/3/13, the GBH Hansen estate that a lien had been recorded on 12/14/12 for $976.25, but that on 1/3/13 $1355.60  was then due. The $925.76 l12/14/12 lien overstated the amount due by $625.76. The claim that $1355.60 was due on 1//3/13 overstated the amount actually due and owing by $780.60.
1/3/131/3/13 SCA 587 LIEN SENT TO OWNER
1/3/131/3/13 SCA 587 “LIEN SENT TO OWNER”
1/9/131/9/13 SCA P/O DEMAND RECEIVED1/16/13 SCA 578 P/O DEMAND SENT
1/16/13On 1/16/13, RRFS responded to Ticor Title’s request for updated payoff figures with a pay off demand to the Sparkman escrow of $1451.75. This demand overstated the amount actually due and payable on 1/16/13 by $876.75.
1/31/13$25 late fee due for the 1/1/13-3/31/13 quarter. 
1/31/13RRFS reported to the Board that account 808634, 2763 White Sage Dr. was a potential write-off of $677.31 as of 1/31/13.
3/7/13$702.31 amount required to pay assessments, late fees, and interest to bring balance to zero through 3/31/13 per SCA resident transaction report Page 1335 
3/7/13$2,475.35 was due and payable as of 3/7/13 per RRFS on 3/12/13 NODES
3/12/13RRFS claimed on the rescinded 3/12/13 (NODES) Notice of Default and election to Sell that, as of 3/7/13, $2,475.35 was due, not the $702.31 reported on the  SCA resident transaction report Page 1335
3/27/13Effective 3/27/13, RRFS rescinded the 3/12/13 notice of default.
4/1/13$275 Assessments due for quarter 4/1/13-6/30/13
4/3/13SCA 553 RRFS on 4/3/13 recorded the rescission of the 3/12/13 NODES. No notice of the rescission was mailed to the owner or to the property.
4/4/13As of 4/4/13, $2752.66 Due and payable per RRFS on the recorded 4/8/13 NODES vs. $825 assessments ($275 x 3 quarters from 10/1/12-6/30/13) and $50 for late fees ($25 for the 4/1/13-6/30/13 quarter was not due until the for the 4/1/13-6/30/13 quarterly installment was 30 days past due on 4/30/13.
4/16/13SCA 525 4/16/13 “Payoff Demand Received”.
See SCA 415-416 for RRFS work log entries related to RRFS refusal of Miles Bauer tender.
4/17/13SCA 527 4/17/13  Request reviewed
4/30/13$25 late fee was assessed for 4/1/13-6/30/13 delinquent installment
4/30/13SCA 254 RRFS acct detail 4/4/13 – 12/31/13 shows RRFS charged the Hansen account $150 to respond to Miles Bauer request for pay off figures
4/30/13SCA 517 -519 4/30/13 “Payoff Demand Sent” RRFS letter to Miles Bauer stated that as of 4/30/13, $$2,904.26 was due.
5/7/13Tobin faxed a letter to put BANA on notice of her intent to stop paying to protect the security interest of a lender to whom she did not owe any debt.
See Tobin 5/7/13 letter to BANA and attachments disclosed as NSM 274-328.
5/8/13SCA 513 Miles Bauer check for $825, the exact amount of assessments then delinquent.
See SCA 513-530 for RRFS disclosures re rejection of the first super-priority tender. (SCA 302 was the second.)
5/16/135/16/13 SCA 512 is a request for payoff figures from Proudfit Realty “We are expecting a short-sale approval letter to be issued in the name of the new buyers. Escrow is expected to close no later than June 28, 2013.”
See SCA 504-512.
5/29/13RRFS responded on 5/29/13 that $3,055.47 was due and payable instead of the $825 assessments and $75 late fees that were due and owing to bring the account paid in full to 6/30/13.
5/29/13SCA 254 RRFS acct detail 4/4/13 – 12/31/13 shows that on 5/29/13 RRFS charged $150 for pay off demand in relation to Proudfit Realty request for pay off figures in Mazzeo’s escrow opened on 5/10/13 for a $395,000 purchase offer
6/30/13If Miles Baur tender of $875 had been accepted and correctly applied, assessments would have been paid through 6/30/13. There were unpaid late fees for the three quarters then delinquent ($25 x 3= $75 due for the quarters from 10/1/12-6/30/13).

It was unfair for Miles Bauer to tender the $825 for the nine months then delinquent after its principal, servicing bank BANA, refused to let the escrow (8/10/12-4/8/13) close on Sparkman’s FMV arms-length offer.

Ticor Title had been instructed to pay the $1,451.75 RRFS had demanded on 1/16/13 on COE.
It was also unfair that BANA’s agent Miles Bauer tendered the $825 super-priority directly to RRFS without notifying Ticor Title, Proudfit or Tobin. 

RRFS did not notify the SCA Board, or more importantly, request Board approval, of its rejection of the tender of 100% of the assessments then delinquent.
Per RTR pages 1334-1336 the amount due and owing as of 6/30/13 was $1,083.14.
7/1/13Per RTR pages 1334-1336 the amount due and owing as of 7/1/13 was $1,308.14
7/1/13$275 Assessments due for 7/1/13-9/30/13
7/1/13$825 delinquent through 6/30/13 +$275 assessments due for 7/1/13-9/30/13 quarter equated to $1100, one year of assessments due because of RRFS’s unilateral rejection of the Miles Bauer tender and because of BANA’s unilateral rejection of the Mazzeo’s 5/10/13 $395,000 offer.
7/10/13Tobin removed the property from the market, turned off the electricity, and initiated a deed in lieu process with BANA.
See Tobin’s 2013 deed in lieu hand written notes.
7/31/13$25 late fee due bringing to $1100 the assessments that were delinquent plus$100 in late fees that were authorized=$1,200.
8/15/13SCA 401 is an envelope addressed to 2763 White Sage that was stamped on 8/15/13 “deceased”. There is no such envelope for the letter RRFS alleged in SCA 287 was sent to 2763 White Sage on 7/2/14. This is the 7/2/14 letter that RRFS claims was sent to notify the owner that the waiver request RRFS sent to the SCA Board on 6/9/14 was denied. 
See SCA 401-403 Return to Senders
8/15/13SCA 403 is an envelope addressed to 2763 White Sage that was stamped on 8/15/13 “Return to sender Not deliverable as addressed. Unable to forward.”. There is no such envelope for the letter RRFS alleged in SCA 287 was sent to 2763 White Sage on 7/2/14. This is the 7/2/14 letter that RRFS claims was sent to notify the owner that the waiver request RRFS sent to the SCA Board on 6/9/14 was denied. 
10/1/13Balance due per FSR on SCA resident transaction report to bring account current to 12/31/13
10/1/13Balance per RRFS account detail in SCA 254
10/1/13Assessments due for 10 /1/13-12/31/13
10/16/1310/16/13 SCA 450 Followed Up POP
10/16/13SCA 468 RRFS “Homeowner Progress Report” to 10/16/13 does not show any BOD approval
10/31/13$25 late fee due
1/1/14Balance due per FSR on SCA resident transaction report to bring account current to 3/31/14
1/1/14Balance per RRFS account detail in SCA 254
1/1/14Assessments due for 1/1/14-3/31/14
1/31/14$25 late fee due
2/11/14Effective 2/11/14, RRFS claimed that $5,081.45 was due and payable on the Notice of Sale published on 2/12/14 (cancelled on 5/15/14 and not replaced).

Note that RRFS did not ever update the 2/11/14 $5,081.45 figure a a second published NOS.
RRFS concealed its 3/28/14 payoff demand to Chicago Title in which RRFS stated that as of 3/28/14 $4,962.24 was due as of 3/28/14. The discrepancy ($5,081.45 on 2/11/14 vs. $4,962.24 on 3/28/14 is explained on page 6 of the 3/28/14 demand.

RRFS and SCA obfuscated that on 3/28/14 the SCA BOD instructed RRFS to reduce $400 in late fees and $18.81 in interest of the $5,083.45 RRFS claimed was due on 2/11/14.) Note that SCA 275-SCA 315 includes significant alterations of the RRFS accounts and records to obfuscate this action by the SCA BOD and to misrepresent the 5/28/14 NSM offer (one year of assessments ($1100) to close the MZK 5/8/14 auction.com sale) as a fee waiver request from the owner. Further, SCA 254, RRFS’s 8/15/14 Account Detail fails to accurately account for the 3/28/14 fee and interest waiver authorized by the SCA BOD. 
2/11/14$4,240.10
2/12/14Published 2/12/14 Notice of Sale (NOS) alleged that $5,081.45 was due as of 2/11/14. 
2/28/14$4,962.64 RRFS response to payoff demand requested by Chicago Title  
3/18/143/18/14 payoff demand received

Note that the 3/6/14 Chicago Title Preliminary Title Report was concealed in discovery.
3/18/14SCA 312 -313 shows that Chicago Title requested pay-off figures from RRFS.
3/18/14SCA 310 contains two emails dated 3/18/14 which clearly indicate RRFS received a request for payoff figure on 3/18/14, but the SCA BOD was scheduled to review Leidy’s requests at the 3/27/14 meeting. Note RRFS and SCA both failed to disclose the 3/28/14 RRFS response to Chicago Title in which the ledger shows that the SCA BOD approved a $400 fee waiver. This fee waiver is not included in SCA 255, RRFS account detail from 2/11/14-8/15/14
3/28/14On 3/28/14 RRFS demanded $3,055.47 was due in response to Chicago Title’s 3/18/14 request for pay off figures found in SCA 312 -313. RRFS, NSM, and SCA concealed RRFS’s 3/28/14 demand. On 10/14/14, Leidy provided it to Tobin. Leidy informed Tobin on 10/14/14 that it was the only ledger he had ever received.
3/28/14RRFS concealed payoff demand of $3,055.47 in response to Chicago Title (concealed in discovery)
3/28/14$4,687.64 was shown as due and payable on
3/28/14See Page 6 of the 3/28/14 RRFS ledger concealed from discovery by RRFS, SCA, BHHS, and NSM.

3/28/14 Page 6 shows a $400 fee reduction was approved by the SCA board pursuant to Leidy’s 3/7/14 only fee reduction request found buried in SCA .
6/9/14 Page 6 of RRFS 6/9/14 ledger scrubs the $400 Board approved reduction and reports that RRFS billed no collection costs from 2/11/14 to 5/30/14 (See SCA 301).
A further accounting discrepancy in found in SCA 250
4/1/14Balance due per FSR on SCA resident transaction report to bring account current to 6/30/14
4/1/14$275 Assessments due for 4/1/14-6/30/14
4/24/14
4/30/14$25 late fee due for delinquent  4/1/14-6/30/14 installment
4/30/14SCA 254 RRFS acct detail 4/4/13 – 12/31/13 shows on 4/30/13 RRFS claimed $2,876.95 was due as of 4/30/13 in response to Miles Bauer’s request for pay off figures. SCA 254. On
5/6/14SCA 307
5/15/14No BOD approval of postponed 5/15/14 sale date
5/15/14SCA 307 is an unsigned approval form to conduct the sale on 5/15/14.
No signed BOD approval was disclosed in SCA 176-643 or exists in the 4/26/14 minutes of Board approval to conduct the sale on 5/15/14.

On 5/15/14, the Ombudsman received notice that the 5/15/14 sale was cancelled as the owner was retained.
5/15/14SCA 308 is another email alleging final approval of the 5/15/14 sale from which the date has been scrubbed and there is no signature
5/28/14SCA 302 NSM 5/28/14 super-priority offer
6/2/14Ombudsman employee, Ann Moore, logged that the Ombudsman had received notice that the 5/15/14 sale date had been cancelled, the 2/12/14 notice of sale process and the “trustee sale: were cancelled and the “owner retained”. See authenticated Ombudsman Notice of Sale Compliance Record (OMB-NOS)
7/1/14Balance due per FSR on SCA resident transaction report Page 1336 to bring account current to 9/30/14 was $2,692.68.
See Resident Transaction report, Pages 1334-1336
7/1/14Assessments due for 7/1/14-6/30/14
7/2/14SCA 277 Undated email RRFS to Leidy “Please see response regarding the settlement request for $1000.00” (Note there was no settlement request for $1000. Leidy did not receive this. Not clear what was supposedly attached as it does not relate to the 6/5/14 email Leidy sent to RRFS to forward the NSM 5/28/14 offer that is on the bottom of the page SCA 277
7/2/14unsent RRFS ledger falsely alleged to have been sent to 2664 OH and 2763 WS
7/31/14$25 late fee due.
7/31/14Per RTR pages 1334-1336 the amount due and owing on 7/31/14 $2,692/68.
8/13/14Notice of Fines was sent after a hearing was held prior to the imposition of a $25 fine for a dead tree at 2763 White Sage
8/15/14RRFS sold 2763 White Sage without notice to any party with a known interest.
8/15/14SCA 255 2/11/14 – 8/15/14 RRFS account detail does not have an entry of 3/28/14 SCA BOD $400 fee waiver and does not include any charges for the 3/28/14 pay off demand to Chicago Title and does not report SCA 302, NSM’s 5/28/14 super-priority tender. It also shows RRFS was charging late fees monthly when payments were in quarterly installments and $25 per installment was authorized.
8/27/14Collection payment entered to pay Gordon Hansen’s account in full on Page 1336
9/25/14Page 1337 Resident Transaction Report shows an entry on 9/25/14 that Jimijack Irr Tr paid $225.00 new owner setup fee. Jimijack’s Resident ID was 0480-02. SCA’s ownership record shows Jimijack was the second owner of the property.
9/25/14Page 1337 Resident Transaction Report 9/25/14-3/31/16 and SCA owner record 4/1/16-5/9/16 shows Jimijack was the only owner after Hansen. SCA refused to provide the SCA ownership records requested from 8/15/14 date of the sale to 2/28/19 end of discovery.
4/1/162763 White Sage payments for all owners 1/1/06-5/9/16
10/14/14Tobin to Leidy email demanding answers
10/14/14 Leidy response
10/14/14Leidy emailed to Tobin the 3/28/14 ledger that RRFS concealed in discovery that shows how RRFS falsified the ledgers.

Black letter Nevada law: Exploitation of older or vulnerable persons

NRS 41.1395  Action for damages for injury or loss suffered by older or vulnerable person from abuse, neglect or exploitation; double damages; attorney’s fees and costs.

      1.  Except as otherwise provided in subsection 3, if an older person or a vulnerable person suffers a personal injury or death that is caused by abuse or neglect or suffers a loss of money or property caused by exploitation, the person who caused the injury, death or loss is liable to the older person or vulnerable person for two times the actual damages incurred by the older person or vulnerable person.

      2.  If it is established by a preponderance of the evidence that a person who is liable for damages pursuant to this section acted with recklessness, oppression, fraud or malice, the court shall order the person to pay the attorney’s fees and costs of the person who initiated the lawsuit.

      3.  The provisions of this section do not apply to a person who caused injury, death or loss to a vulnerable person if the person did not know or have reason to know that the harmed person was a vulnerable person.

      4.  For the purposes of this section:

      (a) “Abuse” means willful and unjustified:

             (1) Infliction of pain, injury or mental anguish; or

             (2) Deprivation of food, shelter, clothing or services which are necessary to maintain the physical or mental health of an older person or a vulnerable person.

      (b) “Exploitation” means any act taken by a person who has the trust and confidence of an older person or a vulnerable person or any use of the power of attorney or guardianship of an older person or a vulnerable person to:

             (1) Obtain control, through deception, intimidation or undue influence, over the money, assets or property of the older person or vulnerable person with the intention of permanently depriving the older person or vulnerable person of the ownership, use, benefit or possession of that person’s money, assets or property; or

             (2) Convert money, assets or property of the older person with the intention of permanently depriving the older person or vulnerable person of the ownership, use, benefit or possession of that person’s money, assets or property.

Ê As used in this paragraph, “undue influence” does not include the normal influence that one member of a family has over another.

      (c) “Neglect” means the failure of a person who has assumed legal responsibility or a contractual obligation for caring for an older person or a vulnerable person, or who has voluntarily assumed responsibility for such a person’s care, to provide food, shelter, clothing or services within the scope of the person’s responsibility or obligation, which are necessary to maintain the physical or mental health of the older person or vulnerable person. For the purposes of this paragraph, a person voluntarily assumes responsibility to provide care for an older or vulnerable person only to the extent that the person has expressly acknowledged the person’s responsibility to provide such care.

      (d) “Older person” means a person who is 60 years of age or older.

      (e) “Vulnerable person” means a person who:

             (1) Has a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of the major life activities of the person; and

             (2) Has a medical or psychological record of the impairment or is otherwise regarded as having the impairment.

Ê The term includes, without limitation, a person who has an intellectual disability, a person who has a severe learning disability, a person who suffers from a severe mental or emotional illness or a person who suffers from a terminal or catastrophic illness or injury.

      (Added to NRS by 1997, 3344; A 2003, 4922013, 681)

NRS 41.1395